Insulin to Carb Ratio

It doesn't matter if you infuse insulin with a pump or inject, you probably know how many units of insulin covers one carb. We use multiple Insulin to Carb Ratios (IC Ratio), in the morning Arden's IC is 1 to 16. One unit of insulin, for every sixteen carbs consumed. Her lunch, dinner and evening ratios are all slightly different. 

Two weeks ago Arden began experiencing unusual BG spikes after lunch, I'm happy that this happened, not because I want to see her BG high but because the anomaly caused me to draw a mental line between these new lunch spikes and a similar spike that I see too frequently after dinner. Post dinner spikes have been an ongoing issue for us this year. I was certain that they were happening due to bad carb counting but this new situation jarred something loose in my head and allowed me to see the problem from a different perspective.

I had become lulled into a false sense of calm by consistently good BGs from other times of day. Those triumphs clouded my ability to see simple issues that caused BG spikes, spikes that shouldn't have been difficult to diagnose. I made a mistake, focusing too much on the food in the equation and ignoring the insulin.

Diabetes: "Knock, Knock..."

Me: ("I'm just going to ignore that and see if he leaves")

I wonder now if I didn't subconsciously just need a break, maybe I didn't have enough energy to tackle another diabetes riddle. Whatever the reason, I figured it all out the other day... the answer ended up being so simple that I'm now annoying myself by retelling the story. 

Arden's insulin to carb ratios needed to be changed, one quick adjustment is all it took. I'm still fine tuning the dinner number and the breakfast ratio needs a little help from a temp basal but her BGs haven't been going above about 160 (CGM) after lunch or dinner since I made the adjustments. Everything has been so quiet around here for the last few days. No crazy highs, no panic inducing lows... it's almost too quiet, but I'll happily take that calm for as long as it lasts.

I'll be writing more this week about other simple adjustments that make a huge difference. Don't be afraid to make small changes, you can always put them back if they don't do what you expected. Please remember to record the old numbers before you make any changes in your pump.

Don't forget what the bottom of the site says... Always consult your doctor before making changes to your health care. I am not a doctor.

Life For A Child

The diabetes online community provides support for those who are a part of it. We cheer each other up and on, lend advice, create friendships and so much more. We are people helping people live better with diabetes. I speak about the power of the DOC all of the time, it's staggering to witness it's reach and impact. It's helped me more times than I can count and I bet it's helped you too. 

A few thoughtful folks in the DOC got together recently and began to wonder who else our community could help. How far can our love reach, can it extend beyond my twitter feed, past our FaceBook pages? Can the power of the DOC touch a child in a country that is an ocean away? I think it can. I'd bet on us any day of the week. So please take a moment, read on and find out where and how your love will be used to save a child with diabetes. 

What is the International Diabetes Federation's Life of a Child Program (from the IDF website)

Donations to the IDF Life for a Child Programme are carefully directed to key areas of diabetes care and management so that established paediatric diabetes centres and associations can provide the best possible care, given local circumstances, to all children and youth with diabetes in developing countries.  

Just $1 a day provides a child with:

• regular insulin
• quality blood glucose monitoring equipment (meter, strips, lancets)
• essential clinical care
• up-to-date diabetes education materials
• specialised diabetes training for medical staff 

“The scope of what needs to be done is vast.  Diabetes management is complex. While the first step is getting access to insulin, it needs to be followed up with education on managing diabetes, extending sustained care and also improving the quality of care. This takes both time and ongoing resources, so donations such as yours are crucial to the success and longevity of the Life for a Child Programme. Thank you for your contribution.”

Dr Graham Ogle, LFAC General Manager.

Please consider making a one dollar donation to the IDF's Life For A Child program right now by clicking on this link and join the DOC in their Valentine's Day effort to Spare a Rose and Save a Child. Give the one you love eleven roses this year and then send the money you save to a child that desperately needs insulin. 

Please share this page with the DOC and beyond. Then write about Life For A Child on your blog, FaceBook wall or twitter feed. Click here for more information on how you can help. Let's take this DOC thing out for a spin and really find out what it can do!

Basal Adjustments

I was asked on FaceBook to explain how I made the adjustment to Arden's overnight basal rates that resulted in the graph above. I'm sorry that it took me so long to write about my (less than technical) process. Here's how I did it...

Somewhere around the second week of overnight lows it became obvious to me that I was dealing with a trend and not an anomaly. Something had changed about her physiology and I was going to have to adjust - basal adjust.

I'm not going to lie, I didn't do any basal testing. I have the procedure around here somewhere, the page or so of directions from Arden's endo that explains how to do basal testing - but I tried a more, let's say, personal approach. Luckily CGM technology lends a distinct advantage and unless we are averting a low, Arden doesn't eat at this time of night so trend graphs are a perfect way to understand where we have too much basal insulin.

I broke out the stupid PC laptop that we had to buy, because the damn device manufacturers refuse to port their software over to OS X (Apple), then I downloaded Arden's DexCom data. It only took a moment to see what time of night that her blood glucose was drifting lower.

Arden's overnight basal rate was .30 per hour, all I did was dial it back to .20 starting one hour prior to when her BG was beginning to fall, not terribly scientific I know. The possibility that this adjustment would be too little or too much wasn't a huge concern, because let's face it, I'm awake anyway.

As you can see in the image above, the slow drift that was beginning around 4 am leveled off nicely. The picture you see here shows that there was room for a little more basal insulin. I waited two more nights to verify that this graph was accurate and then I moved the basal to .25 an hour. That adjustment caused a slight dip and so the next night I staggered the hourly rates .20, .25, .20, things have been golden since.

The reasons that I like handling basal adjustments myself are simple. Waiting until Arden's next endo appointment to discuss this doesn't feel like an option - too long. Continuing to live with lows would have not only taken the rest of the precious little energy that I have left, but also it would leave Arden in danger - not doing that. People living with diabetes will always need to make adjustments like this. Their bodies, like everyone else's, are constantly going through ebbs and flows. My pancreas doesn't secrete the exact same amount of insulin every hour and it makes sense that Arden's pump shouldn't either. Arden's body has needs, ever changing needs - I have to keep up with them.

We all have to be comfortable making decisions like this autonomously at some point. As parents we don't always have the time to call for an army of help and our children's bodies shouldn't have to wait days or weeks for balanced control. Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't make a grand change to Arden's care without our doctor and I don't chase every night that doesn't go perfectly, but basal adjustments when they obviously are needed... We can do that!

If you are going to make basal adjustments please don't forget to write down your old numbers in case you have to switch back. Actually, if you don't already have that information recorded somewhere, take a moment to do that. Write down basal rates, IC ratios, alarm thresholds and all of the other personally inputted data that your pump and glucose monitors retain, just to be safe.

Later this week I'll be talking about Pre-Bolusing, Arden's latest A1c and more... stop back, like Arden's Day on FaceBook or follow the RSS feed to stay in the loop.

Good luck getting those basal rates where they need to be and then enjoy the huge difference in your BGs!

Alzheimer's and insulin resistance

This is an old article from Time Health but it raises interesting points about insulin's effect on Alzheimer's and I thought it was worth sharing.

When the body refuses to make insulin, the condition is called type 1 diabetes; when the body mismanages the hormone, it's known as type 2. Now, scientists report new evidence linking insulin to a disorder of the brain: when the brain prevents the hormone from acting properly, the ensuing chemical imbalance may help trigger Alzheimer's disease. The correlation is so strong that some researchers are calling Alzheimer's disease "type 3" diabetes.

In the body, insulin helps convert food into cellular energy. But the brain has other uses for insulin, namely as a means to learn and make new memories. Here's how it works: At synapses, the spaces across which brain cells communicate and where memories are conceived, neurons reserve special parking spots just for insulin. When the hormone pulls in, a connection is made that enables new memories to form. Since new memory formation is one of the first things to go awry in people with early stages of the disease, this insulin-initiated process may hold the key to decoding the mystery of Alzheimer's.

In August, a team of scientists at Northwestern University were the first to show why the brain's "memory function" fails in the face of an insulin shortage. The group's prior research had already pinpointed the culprit: toxic proteins called amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs, for short), which are known to pile up in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Scientists also knew that Alzheimer's patients' brains have lower levels of insulin and are insulin resistant. But what the Northwestern team discovered is the molecular mechanism behind that resistance: when ADDLs bind to neurons at synapses, they obliterate the receptors that are normally reserved for insulin. Without those parking spaces on the brain cells' surface, insulin has no place to connect, and memory fails.

"We now understand that the function of insulin at those synapses is to modulate and influence the underlying cellular structure of memories," says William Klein, professor of neurobiology and physiology at Northwestern University and a co-author of the study published online by the FASEB Journal. "What we have here is a striking phenomenon that may ultimately explain why the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are insulin resistant and how that ties into memory."

Researchers hope these findings will help shape future research in Alzheimer's therapy — perhaps in the development of drugs that can make brain cells' insulin receptors more responsive to the hormone, or in the application of type 2 diabetes drugs, which address insulin resistance, to Alzheimer's.

The notion that Alzheimer's disease might be a neuroendocrine disorder, akin to diabetes, isn't entirely new; it first showed up in the scientific literature roughly 20 years ago, but the idea petered out. In 2005, Suzanne la Monte, a neuropathologist at Brown University Medical School, revisited the idea. Based on two of her discoveries — that the brain makes its own insulin and that Alzheimer's disease depletes insulin — she coined the disease process "type 3" diabetes.

Still, referring to Alzheimer's disease as "type 3" diabetes is controversial, especially within the diabetes community. Alzheimer's disease is a complication of diabetes, not a unique form of the disease, says Dr. Sue Kirkman, vice president of clinical affairs for the American Diabetes Association. "Nevertheless," she says, "this is primarily a semantic argument."

The terminology aside, both diseases share many traits and risk factors, including high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and metabolic disorders. So, de la Monte sees the semantic "splitting of hairs" as a good thing. "People are arguing about small parts of the bigger story," she says. "At the end of the day, these conversations will help us to better understand both diabetes and Alzheimer's disease."

Basal the spike away

Standard Disclaimer: I'm not a doctor, please read the disclaimer at the bottom of the page. Always speak to your doctor, especially before trying something that came to me while I was in the shower. 

Stubborn Highs: Arden's blood glucose can rise and at times be resistant to returning to 'normal'. Happens to all of us. I bolus and wait but nothing, so I bolus again and sometimes again. It's around the second bolus when I begin to wonder, "is the site bad", "maybe the pump has been on too long", "did I grossly miscalculate carbs", a person can go batty trying to decide what has happened. It's likely that before you (or I) can ever come to a conclusion, the BG in question will return to 'normal' or head in the complete opposite direction. Either way, the whole unsightly mess is forgotten becasue you're busy chasing the next problem which leaves you no closer to understanding why this happened or figuring out how to avoid it next time.

Sound familiar? 

This type of BG struggle isn't just associated with stubborn highs: Breakfast or meal time spikes can also lead to an urge to bang your head on a nearby firm surface. Over the last few months I've been experimenting with an idea that came to me in the shower one day and I'm seeing a lot of positive results. I'm going to do my best to explain without being boring or confusing... Please note that what follows will only work for pumpers because it involves manipulating basal rates... sorry MDI and pen users!

Using increased temp basal rates in place of a portion of your bolus

Arden is a really good eater, that is that she eats healthy foods most of the time and in acceptable portions. If the kid has one 'vice' it's that she likes a bowl of Fruit Loops in the morning - just one cup. The BG devastation that this handful of cereal visits unto Arden was, in the past,  terrible. Her BG would rocket to 400 or more after a bowel of the colorful rings. The Loops would seem to laugh in the face of a pre bolus and administering more insulin before the meal or an extra bolus after could not penetrate their sugarific force field. Once I even thought that I saw Toucan Sam give me the finger as I put the cereal box back in the pantry.

I hate this song and dance. I hate that Arden can't have a flippin' bowl of cereal once and a while and I double hate the feeling that I live with when she eats cereal and her BG goes crazy. Foods like this don't just send her BG too high, they ruin most of the rest of her day. I'm full aware that cereal isn't a good choice for my diabetic daughter but I'm not writing about that today. Today I am talking about how, with the help of an insulin pump, we can all fight meal time spikes associated with not so great food choices and manipulate stubborn high blood glucose values more easily and smoothly.

My formula

Things you need to know to follow along: 

• Arden's basal rate is .30 in the morning and much of the day.
• For a serving of Fruit Loops she requires 2 units of insulin.
• Giving say 2.5 units for the cereal does not change the trajectory of her BG.
• If I go higher (say 3 units) the spike is not effected enough, topping out at 350 and Arden's BG will plummet between the three and four hour mark.

Time to visit me in the shower where I am apparently about 20 IQ points smarter then I am anywhere else. (I've heard that the hot water on the back of your neck may be the reason why).

I was in the shower one day pondering life and Arden's breakfast BG spikes when I first began putting the pieces together. Overnight Arden's basal rate is .20, if she's high I have to put her basal back to .30 for a bolus to have the desired effect... I wondered what would happen "if I increased the basal beyond .30", could I bring a high BG down in a safer way, steadier perhaps (because she's sleeping) then if I just bolused? I tested my idea at the next opportunity and not only did a significant temp basal bring down the high overnight BG but it did it with less insulin then a bolus would have required and the drop was smoother, it's 'landing' less erratic. My inner mad scientist was intrigued and I had just unknowingly found a big piece to the puzzle that is stopping mealtime spikes.

Proof of concept: Arden sits down and begins eating on a school day at 8:20 am. Today at 7:45 am her bg was 140, I bolused for the first 15 carbs of her upcoming breakfast, which was 1 unit or half of what a serving of Fruit Loops requires. This is a pre-pre bolus, I find that after a long night of no boluses and a decreased basal rate it can take a little longer for insulin to begin working (maybe this is part of the morning insulin resistance many experience?). At 8:10 am I bolused again this time for the remaining 15 carbs but I reduced the 1 unit of insulin by .30 (the equivalent of an hour of Arden's basal rate). Last, I increased her basal by 95% for one hour. (OmniPod won't do 100%), giving the last .30 of the 2 units via an increased basal rate. The temp basal in conjunction with a significant pre bolus seems to be the key to eliminating a BG spike. Pre bolusing alone won't effect a severe spike enough because you can't perfectly sync the insulin peak with the food spike so the BG rises quickly, drops suddenly and often bounces back up. However, when you add a pre bolus to a significant temp basal, the basal acts as a constant drag on the spike and the two together win out.

Breakdown

15 carbs or 1 unit, 40 minutes before breakfast - 7:45am

I can prebolus that far off in this situation without an issue because her basal was .20 all night and she's resistant in the AM, so the insulin is a bit slower to respond first thing in the morning. Plus, with Apidra, Arden rarely experiences significant BG falls so prebolusing this far out feels safe. Additionally, I have 70 points in her BG to play with and the cereal will be releasing sugar into her blood far before she gets too low... (having a DexCom CGM doesn't hurt either).

Another 15 carbs 15 minutes before the meal (withholding the equivalent of an hour's worth of basal)- 8:10

This insulin won't begin working until after Arden begins to eat, so I'm not worried about stacking. Two boluses also mean two insulin peaks while the Fruit Loops are trying to spike her BG. 

Double the basal rate for an hour to complete second 15 carb bolus.

This .30 will work better then if it was given as part of the bolus, why? I don't know, I told you, I'm not a doctor... it just does - Maybe I know this because hot water in the shower makes me smarter. btw, more then an hour of the temp basal is too much and results in a fall in the 3-4 hour range. Doubling for an hour is perfect.

Result: At 9:30 am Arden's nurse called... Arden was 240 by her CGM. The CGM indicated 2 arrows up (which was why she was with the nurse) but the double arrows only lasted for about 4 minutes. So my little science experiment took a double arrow up event that in the past would have sky-rocketed to 400 (or more) and held it to a 4 minute double arrow that never went above 250!

Arden's BG (by the CGM) at 11 am (pre recess) was 145 diagonal down, she drank 2 ounces of juice (7 carbs) and went outside to play. When she returned her BG at 11:30 am (post recess, pre lunch) was 129 by a finger stick, 140 and steady via the CGM. 

I choose and extended bolus for lunch because she was having a bagel. 60% of the 2.20 units at 11:30 am the balance over an hour (to combat the slow breakdown of the bagel). Her BG was 145 three hours later before snack time.

Summation

It goes without saying that what works for Arden won't work for everyone but after months of using this method I am 100% comfortable telling you that what I wrote here is well worth speaking to your endo about. The concept of using a temp basal to complete a bolus holds many possibilities beyond what I wrote about here today. Slow to break down foods and high carb meals for example are also good places to try this method. I'm using a temp basal as part of Arden's bolus on almost a daily basis. It is also invaluable in bringing down stubborn high BGs and getting a BG lower during sleep, avoiding the fear of a sudden drop and without going too low.

I wish you all good health, luck and steady BGs. I'll do my best to answer any question if you have them.